国外岩溶地区水资源开发利用技术及其对我国的启示

Technologies for Development and Utilization of Water Resources in Karst Areas Abroad and Its Enlightenment to China

关键词:  岩溶地区  水资源开发  含水层储存和回灌  关键技术与模式

Key words:  karst area  water resources development  aquifer storage and recovery  key technology and mode

摘要:

北方资源型及水质型缺水、南方洪涝灾害和季节性缺水、水资源与经济发展空间不匹配等是我国岩溶地区水资源开发面临的主要问题。近几十年来，尽管我国在岩溶水资源开发利用过程中掌握很多关键技术并研发出一些成功的模式，但是仍然存在着许多急需解决的问题。本文对国外岩溶地区水资源开发利用的成功经验、典型案例和关键技术进行分析，总结出雨水及表(浅)层岩溶水资源收集-储存-利用、岩溶含水层水资源调蓄与循环利用、中小流域岩溶水资源综合开发与管理、跨流域(区域)尺度岩溶水资源协调开发，以及岩溶大流域水资源梯级调蓄与综合开发等国外岩溶水开发的成功模式。基于上述模式对我国岩溶地区水资源规划、保护、管理和开发所带来的启示，提出借鉴国外跨流域(区域)尺度岩溶水资源协调开发经验，实施水资源跨流域协调开发，有效解决岩溶地区水资源与经济发展空间不匹配的问题；按照大流域岩溶水资源梯级调蓄与综合开发利用的思路，在西南岩溶区利用梯级分布且具有密切水文联系的岩溶大洼地，实施集防洪与调蓄水资源等多目标的大岩溶流域梯级水资源开发工程，解决南方岩溶区季节性缺水的难题；重视我国北方岩溶区地下水资源普遍超采造成岩溶含水层被疏干的水环境问题，启动向岩溶含水层回灌补水计划，增强北方岩溶含水层调蓄水资源的能力，提高水资源利用效率和改善地下水环境；推进极端干旱岩溶区收集-储存-综合利用雨水、表(浅)层岩溶水或坡面流的技术创新，为我国岩溶地区水资源可持续开发利用、生态经济发展提供技术支撑。

Abstract:

The main problems of water resources development in karst areas in China are resource-based and pollution-induced water shortage in the north,flood-water logging disaster and seasonal water shortage in the south,and mismatch between water resources and economic development space. Although many key technologies have been developed，and some successful models have been summarized in the exploitation and utilization of karst water resources in recent decades,there were still many problems to be solved. The successful experience,typical cases and key technologies of water resources development and utilization in karst areas abroad were analyzed in this article,and the successful modes of karst water development abroad were summarized,which include collection-storage-utilization of rainwater and superficial karst water,storage,regulation and recycling of water resources in karst aquifers,comprehensive development and management for water resources in small or medium scale karst basins,coordinated development of karst water resources at inter basin (regional) scale,cascade regulation and comprehensive development & utilization of water resources in large karst basins.Based on the enlightenment of the above model to the planning,protection,management and development of water resources in karst areas of China,it is proposed to learn from the experience of coordinated development of karst water resources at the inter-basin (regional) scale in foreign countries,and implement coordinated development of water resources across basins to effectively solve the problem of mismatch between water resources and economic development space in karst areas. According to the idea of cascade regulation,storage and comprehensive development and utilization of karst water resources in large watershed,the cascade water resources development project of large karst basin with multi-objectives of flood control and water resources regulation and storage is carried out in karst depressions with cascade distribution and close hydrological connection in southwestern karst area to solve the problem of seasonal water shortage in southern China. It is necessary to pay attention to the problem of water environment caused by the overexploitation of groundwater resources in karst areas of northern China. The plan of recharge to karst aquifers should be initiated to enhance the water storage capacity of northern karst aquifers,to improve water resource utilization efficiency and the groundwater environment. And finally,it is necessary to promote the technological innovation of collecting,storing and comprehensively utilizing rainwater,shallow karst water or slope flow in extremely arid karst areas to provide technical support for the sustainable development and utilization of water resources and ecological economy development in China.