红树林湿地主要大型底栖动物的生态功能及多样性保护需求

Ecological Functions and Diversity Conservation Needs of Major Macrobenthos in Mangrove Wetlands

关键词:  红树林  大型底栖动物  生物多样性  生态修复

Key words:  mangroves  macrobenthos  biodiversity  ecological restoration

摘要:

大型底栖动物是红树林湿地中的消费者，也是重要的次级生产力和经济类群，更是红树林湿地生态系统物质循环和能量流动的关键环节。红树林湿地环境的复杂性和大型底栖动物分类学数据的缺失使得目前对红树林湿地大型底栖动物的生态功能和多样性维持机制认识不足，进一步导致现有红树林湿地生态系统的保护与修复工作极难且极少关注大型底栖动物多样性的保护需求。红树林湿地大型底栖动物目前面临着多种胁迫，主要包括生境丧失与转化、外来物种入侵、污染、过度捕捞等问题。本文总结了红树林湿地主要大型底栖动物类群的生态功能，阐述了红树林湿地的生境异质性对于维持大型底栖动物多样性的重要性，强调了红树林湿地作为“林-滩-沟”景观复合体对生物多样性维持的关键作用。未来的研究需要加强对红树林湿地大型底栖动物的群落特征、生物多样性等基础数据库的建设，厘清大型底栖动物群落的空间变异规律；对已受到严重捕捞活动干扰的区域和生物类群，建议逐步推进“封滩轮育”以促进多样性的恢复，从而实现大型底栖动物生物资源的可持续利用。未来红树林湿地的保护和修复规划要考虑各类群大型底栖动物的生境需求，通过红树植物物种的搭配营造不同的林下生境，在进行红树林植被恢复的同时为大型底栖动物留出额外的非植被生境。

Abstract:

Macrobenthos are consumers in mangrove wetlands,as well as important secondary productivity and economic groups,and are key links in the material cycle and energy flow in mangrove wetland ecosystems.The complexity of mangrove wetland environment and the lack of taxonomic data of macrobenthos lead to the lack of understanding of the ecological functions and diversity maintenance mechanisms of macrobenthos in mangrove wetlands,which further makes it extremely difficult and pays little attention to the diversity of macrobenthos in the protection and restoration of existing mangrove wetland ecosystems.Macrobenthos in mangrove wetlands are currently facing multiple stresses,including habitat loss and transformation,invasion of alien species,pollution and overfishing.The ecological functions of the major macrobenthos groups in mangrove wetlands are summarized in this article,the importance of habitat heterogeneity of mangrove wetland to maintain the diversity of macrobenthos is expounded,and the key role of the mangrove wetland as 'veqetation-mudflat-creek’ landscape complexes in maintaining the biodiversity is emphasized.The future research needs to strengthen the construction of basic databases such as community characteristics and biodiversity of macrobenthos in mangrove wetlands,and clarify the spatial variation of macrobenthos communities.For the areas and biological groups that have been seriously disturbed by fishing activities,it is recommended to gradually promote the 'alternate mudflat closing for benthos recovery’ to promote the restoration of diversity,so as to realize the sustainable utilization of biological resources of macrobenthos.In the future,the protection and restoration planning of mangrove wetlands should consider the habitat needs of various groups of macrobenthos,create different understory habitats through the matching of mangrove species,and leave extra non-vegetation habitats for macrobenthos while restoring mangrove vegetation.